Number of questions- Mains: 02, Prelims – 10
Mains Questions of the day:
1.Explain the rise and spread of Naxalite Movement in Telangana.
Introduction:
Write briefly about origin of Naxalite movement in India
Body:
Explain the rise and spread of Naxalite Movement in Telangana.
Conclusion:
- By the early 1980s insurgents had established a stronghold and sanctuary in the interlinked North Telangana village and Dandakaranya forests areas along the Andhra Pradesh and Orissa border.
- In 1985 Naxalite insurgents began ambushing police.
- After they killed a police sub-inspector in Warangal, IPS officer raised a special task force called the Greyhounds, an elite anti-Naxalite commando unit that still exists today to establish control in the seven worst affected districts.
Content:
Naxalite movement
- Promising to distribute 6 lakh vacant land in Bengal to the poor and tribals, the CPI(M) party won the 1967 elections.
- But they refused to distribute 6 lakh vacant lands to the poor as mentioned in the election manifesto.
Charumanjudar:
- As the government did not distribute the land, the ‘Sil Guri’ people in the Darjeeling (Bengal) region led by Charumajumdar, who was the party secretary of the Darjeeling region, started to occupy the land.
- First, between 23 and 25 May 1967, 10,000 Santhal tribesmen started a land occupation in a village called Naxalbari in Siliguri region.
- At such a time, in November 1967, the ‘All India Coordinating Committee of Communist Revolutionaries’ was formed with the intention of bridging the ideological differences between the various communist factions.
- The second meeting of this committee was held in Calcutta in the month of May 1968.
- In this meeting, CPI(M) party’s Sil Guri region general secretary Charumajumdar called for an armed struggle and boycott of the elections.
- The National Communist leaders opposed this announcement.
- But Srikakulam tribal movement leaders accepted Charumajumdar’s resolution of armed struggle.
CPI(ML) Communist Party of India (Marxist – Leninist):
- CPI(ML) was founded on 22 April 1969 with those who accepted Charumajumdar’s resolution.
- As the movement was born in Naxalbari village, they were named as Naxalites by the press
- After founding the CPI(ML) on 1 May 1969 at the ‘Shaheed Minar’ ground in Calcutta Kanu Sanyal announced the CPI(ML) party’s manifesto and party policies.
Osmania University Students:
- In the 1960s an affiliated student organization of CPI(M) – Students Federation.
- Students affected by Naxalism broke away from the Students Federation and formed a student organization called Democratic Students.
- Students working under the leadership of Kondapalli Sitaramaiah and Chandra Pullareddy broke away from the Democratic Students and formed the Progressive Democratic Student Union (PDSU) in 1974.
- PDSU meetings were held in Sarojini Devi Hall in October 1974.
- In these meetings, there was a clash between students of Kondapalli Seetharamaiah and Chandra Pullareddy factions.
RSU (Radical Student Union):
- Due to this conflict, the students of Kondapally Sitaramaiah group left PDSU and formed the Radical Student Union in October 1974.
- It was named Radical Student Union.
- R.S.U. State Congresses meetings were held often.
RSU – Move to Villages Campaign:
- Kondapalli Seetharamaiah devised a plan to organize training classes for students during the summer vacations and make them participants in the revolutionary movement.
- As part of this plan, a 30-day camp was organized from April to May 1978 at Shastrulapally near Manthani in Karimnagar.
- Satyamurthy, Sambasivarao (Whiteman) and other chiefs trained the students in this camp.
- After this training, 150 student teams of 5 members were formed and sent on a tour of Karimnagar district.
- Naradasu Lakshmana Rao, who participated in this 30-day program, participated in the RYL meetings held in Guntur and spoke.
- Naradasu Lakshmana Rao collated his speeches into a book titled Move to Grams – My Experiences.
2.Write briefly about the following Revolutionaries movements of Telangana?
- Revolts against landlords
- Jagityala Pilgrimage incident and aftermath incidents.
- Indravelli Sabha
Content:
A. Revolts against landlords:
Gollapally Sabha (1977, August 27):
- After the Emergency, the ban on the CPI (ML) People’s War was lifted.
- With this, the CPI (ML) party organized public meetings and public events between the months of July and August 1977.
- Gollapalli sabha was organized as part of those programs.
- On August 27, 1977, about 3000 farmers attended a meeting led by Rythu Kooli Sangha in Gollapally village of Jagityala taluk.
Muddonur incident:
- Landlord of Muddonur – Rajeswara Rao.
- On June 30, 1978 against him, people cut wood and cut down trees in his area and left.
Laxettipet incident:
- In Laxettipet, they won an agreement against the contractors to demand higher rates for all the workers during the tunica season and to provide a fair price for the tunica they had picked.
B. Jagityala Pilgrimage (1978 September 7):
- On September 7, 1978, a massive peasant labor demonstration was held under the auspices of the Communist Party of India (ML) in the town of Jagittala.
- Farmers and farm laborers came from all the villages of Jagityala taluka but only from Veldurthi and Sarangapur villages could not come.
- Satyanarayana Rao, the landlord of Veldurthi village, prevented the farmers of that village from participating in the Jagityala Jaitra Yatra.
- Andhra Bhoomi daily described this Mahasabha as a historic farmers’ demonstration.
Events after the pilgrimage of Jagitya:
Little Met Palli incident:
- Jaganmohana Rao, a landlord who owned 30 acres of land in 1958, became the owner of 150 acres by 1978.
- The peasants who took part in the Jagityala Jaitrayatra wanted to form a community against the tyranny they faced.
- The farmers of Met Pally organized an open meeting in their village on September 14.
- Landlord Jaganmohana Rao attacked the assembly with his force to stop it.
- On hearing this news, the people of the village of Chutchu Pakka reached Chinnametpally and started in a procession to the house of landlord Jaganmohana Rao.
- Bornapalli Suresh, son-in-law of the landlord, saw the procession and started firing on the procession from the top of the bungalow.
- The people of Suresh Sonthuru Bornapalli burnt down Suresh’s house when they came to know about this shooting.
Declaration as a turbulent area:
- The then Chief Minister submitted a report to the central government that the farmers and labor unions were disrupting peace and security.
- With this, on October 20, 1978, the government declared Jagityala and Sirisilla talukas as disturbed areas.
- Even though the Congress government was in power in the state, the then Janata government at the center gave permission to the state government to declare this area (Jagityala, Sirisilla) as disturbed area.
Farmer labor unions
- People revolted against the landlords in Jagityala and Sirisilla talukas.
- As part of the Radical Student Union’s “Move to the Villages” campaign, Rythu Kooli Sanghas were formed in many villages.
- In 1977, the palers and peasant laborers went on strike against Maddanur landlord Rajeswara Rao to increase the salaries and coolie rates in Maddanur village.
- The struggle that started in Maddanur spread across Jagityala taluk.
Anti-Rythu Kooli Sangha Movement:
- In 1979, in the Jagityala taluk area, an auction was held in the presence of the people under the leadership of the village committees to prevent the landlords from entering into subcontracts.
- The monopolist who bids has developed the villages to some extent with the condition that some money should be spent on the development of the village.
- The Rythu Kooli Sangam organized many struggles against the Sarapampini introduced by the NTR government in Telangana villages under the name Waruni Vahini .
- In the 1970s, the government passed a law prohibiting the purchase of tribal lands.
- The law itself is also known as 1/70 law.
- Highlights of this Act:
- Purchase or lease of tribal lands by non-tribals is invalid.
- In any circumstances, even if the tribals sell or lease the lands, they (tribals) will not lose their right over that land.
- In the case of Samatha vs Government of Andhra Pradesh, the Supreme Court ruled that the lands of the Scheduled Tribes should not be transferred to the non-Scheduled Tribes.
C. Indravelli Sabha:
- Important revolutionaries built the movement for tribal rights in the 1970s.
- Adivasi Rythu Kooli Sangam (Adivasi Rythu Kooli Sangam) Adivasi Rythu Kooli Sangha (Adivasi Rythu Kooli Sangam) gathered together the Gond and Kolam adivasi peasants of Adilabad district and organized a large open meeting at Indravelli in 1980.
- In a village called Pittabongaram, there was a clash between the Gond farmers and the police who stopped the Gond farmers from coming to the meeting.
- Stating that it would disrupt peace and security, the police opened fire.
- According to government, 13 people were killed in the firing.
- But civil rights groups claim that up to 60 people were killed in the shooting.
- In this way the Indravelli tribal assembly was bloodied.
- In the following year, Adilabad District Tribal Rythu Cooli Sangam organized an Indravelli Sabha to pay tribute to the tribal martyrs who laid down their lives in Indravelli.
- During Anjaiah’s tenure as Chief Minister, a stupa was built and unveiled for the martyrs of Indravelli.
- After NTR became CM in 1987, this martyr’s stupa was demolished.
- In this way, the tribals mobilized against the encroachment of tribal lands under the leadership of the tribal farmers and labor unions.
Prelims questions of the day:
1.In which of the following year communist party of India was established in India?
- 1925
- 1928
- 1920
- 1924
Answer: A
Explanation:
- The Communist Party of India is the oldest communist party in India and one of the eight national parties in the country.
- The CPI was founded in Kanpur on 26 December 1925.
2.In which of the following year Progressive Democratic Student union (PDSU) was formed?
- 1960
- 1967
- 1972
- 1974
Answer: D
Explanation:
Osmania University Students:
- In the 1960s an affiliated student organization of CPI(M) – Students Federation.
- Students affected by Naxalism broke away from the Students Federation and formed a student organization called Democratic Students.
- Students working under the leadership of Kondapalli Sitaramaiah and Chandra Pullareddy broke away from the Democratic Students and formed the Progressive Democratic Student Union (PDSU) in 1974.
- PDSU meetings were held in Sarojini Devi Hall in October 1974.
- In these meetings, there was a clash between students of Kondapalli Seetharamaiah and Chandra Pullareddy factions.
3.The Progressive Democratic Student union (PDSU) was formed under the which of the following leader?
- Kondapalli Sitaramaiah
- Chandra Pulla reddy
- Both A and B
- None of the above
Answer: C
Explanation:
Osmania University Students:
- In the 1960s an affiliated student organization of CPI(M) – Students Federation.
- Students affected by Naxalism broke away from the Students Federation and formed a student organization called Democratic Students.
- Students working under the leadership of Kondapalli Sitaramaiah and Chandra Pullareddy broke away from the Democratic Students and formed the Progressive Democratic Student Union (PDSU) in 1974.
- PDSU meetings were held in Sarojini Devi Hall in October 1974.
- In these meetings, there was a clash between students of Kondapalli Seetharamaiah and Chandra Pullareddy factions.
4.The Radical Student Union was formed under which of the following leader?
- Chandra Pullareddy
- Kondapally Sitaramaiah
- Ranga reddy
- Chenna Reddy
Answer: B
Explanation:
- PDSU meetings were held in Sarojini Devi Hall in October 1974.
- In these meetings, there was a clash between students of Kondapalli Seetharamaiah and Chandra Pullareddy factions.
- Due to this conflict, the students of Kondapally Sitaramaiah group left PDSU and formed the Radical Student Union in October 1974.
- It was named Radical Student Union.
5.In which of the following district Radical Student Union first meeting was held?
- Waranagal
- Guntur
- Anathapur
- Hyderbad
Answer: D
Explanation:
Radical Student Union State Congresses –
- First State Congress – Hyderabad (1975)
- Second State Congress – Warangal (1978)
- Third State Congress – Anantapur
- Fourth State Congress – Guntur (1981)
- Fifth State Congress – Tirupati (1982)
6.In which of the following year Government passed a law prohibiting the purchase of tribal lands?
- 1970’s
- 1960’s
- 1980’s
- 1990’s
Answer: A
Explanation:
- The Rythu Kooli Sangam organized many struggles against the Sarapampini introduced by the NTR government in Telangana villages under the name Waruni Vahini .
- In the 1970s, the government passed a law prohibiting the purchase of tribal lands.
- The law itself is also known as the 1/70 law.
- Highlights of this Act:
- Purchase or lease of tribal lands by non-tribals is invalid.
- In any circumstances, even if the tribals sell or lease the lands, they (tribals) will not lose their right over that land.
7.In which of the following case, supreme Court ruled that the lands belonging to the scheduled tribes should not be transferred to the non-scheduled tribes?
- P. Lakshmana Rao vs State of Andhra Pradesh
- G. Satyanarayana vs The Government of Andhra
- Samatha v. Government of Andhra Pradesh
- Gaddameedi Nagamani vs The State of Telangana
Answer: C
Explanation:
The Supreme Court ruled in the case of Samatha v. Government of Andhra Pradesh that the lands belonging to the Scheduled Tribes should not be transferred to the non-Scheduled Tribes.
8. Which of the following committee was appointed by central Government to enquire into fake encounter in Telangana during emergency time in 1977?
- Tarkunde Committee
- Bhargava Committee
- Golwala Committee
- Fasil committee
Answer: A
Explanation:
- Ever since fake encounter in Telangana, civil rights activists have demanded that judicial inquiries rather than the routine magisterial inquiries be conducted into each such death by treating it as culpable homicide and issuing an FIR.
- The campaign was intensified in 1973 by the Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee (APCLC) led by a lawyer K.G. Kannabiran.
- The APCLC’s efforts bore fruit when the Janata Party government at the Centre (1977-79) deputed a fact-finding committee led by Justice V.M. Tarkunde to inquire into the encounter killings during the Emergency.
- The findings of the committee that 75 fake encounters had occurred during the period jolted the Centre.
- It immediately asked the J. Vengala Rao government to order a judicial inquiry into the cases, leading to the constitution of the Justice Bhargava Commission.
9.Who among the following started the Naxalite movement in India in 1967?
- Charu Majumdar
- Konda sitramaiah
- Ranga reddy
- Chenna Reddy
Answer: A
Explanation:
Phase 1 (1967–1973) – formative phase:
The insurgency started in 1967 in the Naxalbari village of West Bengal by a radical faction of the CPI-M led by Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal, and Jangal Santhal dubbed the Naxalbari uprising.
10.Greyhounds, a special police forces unit of Telangana Police departments was formed in which of the following year?
- 1989
- 1980
- 1985
- 1986
Answer: A
Explanation:
- Greyhounds is a police special forces unit of the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Police departments in India.
- Greyhounds specialises in counter-insurgency operations against Naxalite and Maoist terrorists.
- Greyhounds was raised in the1989 by IPS officer K. S. Vyas.