Number of questions- Mains: 02, Prelims – 10
Mains Questions of the day:
1. Discuss the reforms of Burgula Ramakrishna Rao Government.
Introduction:
Write briefly about Burgula Ramakrishna Rao.
Body:
Mention the Reforms that he had done in Hyderabad.
Conclusion:
- Burgula Ramakrishna Rao governance was marked with several significant developmental changes. Some of these include the historic land reforms, Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Act of 1950 and the Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural lands (Amendment) Act of 1954.
- Each of these acts was a landmark in the history of land reforms in the country.
Content:
- Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was born on 13 March 1899.
- He was a lawyer, P.V.Narsimha Rao worked as a junior to him.
- Second Andhra Mahasabha held in 1931 was presided by Burgula.
- He played an important role in the foundation of Hyderabad state congress.
- He was participated actively in 1942 Quit India Movement and Join India Movement.
- He was the first Chief Minister of the Hyderabad State (1952).
- He was appointed as the Governor of Kerala.
Reforms of the Burgula Government:
Land reforms:
- Abolition of Jagirdars Act-1949:
- This act was enacted in 1949 abolishing the Jagirdari system practiced during Nizam’s rule. Compensation was paid to the Jagirdars for some period based on the area upto 75% of their annual income.
- Jagirdars demanded permanent maintenance.
- Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Land Act-1950:
- This was enacted by the Government of Hyderabad providing protection to the tenants.
- According to this act, if a tenant cultivates the land continuously for not less than 6 years, then he would be considered as a protected Tenant.
- Protected Tenant got a chance to purchase the land for a rate lower than that of the market rate when the landlord sells the land.
- This act provided safeguards to the tenancy holder to cultivate the land for 10 years.
- Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural (Amendment) Act 1954:
- Based on the recommendations of the planning commission, Burgula’s government in 1950 made some amendments to the Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Land act 1950.
- According to this act, the land holding of the family should be the basis while implementing the land reforms.
- The tenancy amount would be decided based on the land revenue.
- The surplus lands with the landlords could be transferred to the cooperative societies by paying compensation to the land lords.
Economic reforms:
- Based on the direction of the Union government, to rejuvenate the economic condition of the Hyderabad state the state government appointed a committee headed by A.D.Gorwala in 1950.
- The committee recommended the state government to introduce necessary administrative and economic reforms to modernize the administration.
- Gorwala committee recommendations were sincerely implemented by the then revenue minister Burgula Ramakrishan Rao.
Educational reforms:
- The first state that introduced mother tongue as the medium of instruction in India was Hyderabad.
- The minimum population of a village to establish a school was fixed at 500.
- The number of schools was increased from 4000 to 14000.
- Tri-language principle was introduced in the education system.
- Tri language principle:
- Instruction in Mother tongue starts from class – I.
- Hindi enters as the second language from 3rd class.
- English will be introduced as the third language from 5th class.
- A Teacher training college was established in every district.
- Radha Krishna Commission recommended to introduced 3years degree course in Hyderabad state.
- Mudaliar commission recommended to establish multi-purpose schools in Hyderabad state.
- Asafiya state library in Hyderabad city was renamed as the Hyderabad State Central library.
Nagarjuna Sagar Project:
- The foundation for Nagarjuna Sagar was laid during Burgula’s rule.
- Nagarjuna Sagar project was a common project of Andhra and Hyderabad States.
2.Discuss the views of Ambedkar on States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) constituted by the Central Government in 1953 to recommend the reorganisation of state boundaries and smaller states.
Introduction:
Write briefly about Ambedkar
Body:
Mention the views of Ambedkar on States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) constituted to recommend the reorganisation of state boundaries and Smaller states
Conclusion:
- One of Ambedkar’s major proposals was to make Hyderabad the second capital of India because of the centrality of location, as a junction of North and South, and on defence considerations.
- How many States a people speaking one language should depend upon
- the requirements of efficient administration
- the needs of the different areas
- the sentiments of the different areas, and
- the proportion between the majority and minority.
Content:
VIEWS OF AMBEDKAR ON SRC AND SMALLER STATES:
It is very much necessary to review Dr. Ambedkar’s opinion about the formation of Linguistic States.
Ambedkar initially in favor of Large States:
- Ambedkar while replying to the Linguistic Provinces commission in 1948 first time, apart from supporting the formation of Linguistic States, opined clearly that if geographical limits were conducive, people speaking a single language could be placed in one State.
- He also expressed an opinion that if formation of Linguistic States was necessary people speaking the same language could be put in one State, even forcefully.
- He told that there is no chance for making own decisions. He opined that every effort should be made to carve out large provinces.
- In normal times smaller provincial units could turn into a problem and burden and they would be the weak point during the times of emergency. He suggested that such a situation should be avoided.
- He suggested that all the regions speaking Maharashtra should be unified and made into a province.
In later times he turned supportive of Smaller States:
- The thoughts and opinions of Dr. Ambedkar about Linguistic Provinces were transformed over a period of time.
- Though he supported formation of the Provinces based on the language, his ideas of about the implementation of the policy were changing.
- The details of such ideas are found in his book Thoughts on Linguistic States’ (1955).
- In this book, Ambedkar very clearly and constructively elucidated his opinions and ideas about the formation of small States and Linguistic Provinces.
Linguistic State:
- Bringing all those speaking one language into the limits of one state.
- Dividing people speaking a single language into various States and seen that they come under the boundaries of those States.
Ambedkar supported the second point:
- According to him, more than ‘One language- One State’ it was important to see that ‘One State-One language’ is implemented.
- Many States can be formed with people speaking single language.
- Ambedkar who strongly supported unified Maharashtra before the Linguistic Provinces Commission, 1948, opined in 1955 that Maharashtra can be split into three or four small States.
- He also advised that Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar to be divided into smaller provinces.
- He had strong reasons for the suggestions.
- These provinces apart being difficult administratively could also show effect on the Central Government.
- By dividing large provinces into smaller ones Central Government could see that their effort would be similar.
- Another strong reason he showed that weaker minorities can exist more conveniently in smaller provinces than in bigger.
- He opined that the interest of minorities can be protected better in smaller States.
- There were so many agitations continuing for division of States and formation of new States, even after many years of in Independence.
- Under this situation, it was very much necessary to refer Ambedkar’s 1955 book, Thoughts on Linguistic States’.
- It is proved that Ambedkar’s ideas about smaller states in Indian Union after independence were after all right.
- Dr.Ambedkar Father of Indian Constitution had very distinct and constructive opinions on formation smaller States.
- Ambedkar welcomed the suggestions of State Reorganisation Committee, which suggested formation of Hyderabad State including Telangana and a separate Vidarbha State.
- Moreover, Ambedkar opined that Uttar Pradesh be split into three (West, Central and East). Bihar into two (North and South or the present Jharkhand), Madhya Pradesh into two (North and South) and Maharashtra into three (West, Central and East).
- Ambedkar suggested instead of one language and one state, the formula one state and one language can be the point view for linguistic uniformity.
- He opined that there could be two Telugu speaking States and three Marathi States, many more Hindi speaking States.
- Two points were the guiding principles for Ambedkar while arguing for smaller states.
- No single State could show effect on the Federation strongly.
- That smaller States can protect the interest of the Federation was noted by Ambedkar with USA as example. His ideas on this topic coincide with those of K.M. Panicker. Ambedkar incorporated the same opinions in his note of descent regarding the report of State Reorganization Commission.
- He expressed an opinion that there will be a possibility that people of various sections would be subject to discrimination by the stronger sections socially, economically and politically.
- After 45 years, in around 2000 A.D. Chattisgarh from Madhya Pradesh. Jharkhand out of Bihar and Uttarakhand out of Uttar Pradesh were carved out as separate States.
- Ambedkar had his own vision in case of formation of smaller States.
- Ambedkar suggested Hyderabad be made into the second capital of the country since it is situated centrally between North and South, having pleasant weather because of its geographical position of height from the main sea level and being very safe from the Defense point of view.
- Ambedkar appears to be having solutions for all problems. He put them on paper right in 1955.
- He pointed to an observation regarding number of States to be formed with the same language. They are:
- The need for efficient administration
- Needs of various regions
- Sentiments of various regions.
- The ratio between majority and minorities.
- Ambedkar suggested about the geographical extent of State as following. While the areas of a State keeps increasing the ratio between minorities and majorities, will be go inversely to proportioned.
- There will be a danger to the security of minorities. Possibilities of majority groups discriminating against minorities will be more. And hence State should remain small.
- Though formation of small and linguistic States is necessary, the division must be done with rational decisions without any consideration for the petty interests of political parties.
- Makers of Constitution, mainly Ambedkar suggested solutions for the impending problems that could face the Union of India long ago.
Prelims questions of the day:
1.Hyderabad state was in which of the following part of Indian Union?
- Part-A
- Part-C
- Part-B
- Part-D
Answer: C
Explanation:
- Hyderabad state was under Part-B of Indian Union after India got independence.
- Eight former princely states or groups of smaller princely states were made Part B states.
- These states were governed by a President appointed rajpramukh and an elected legislature.
- The eight Part B states were: Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin.
2.Who among the following was the Chief Advisor to Burgula Ramakrishna Rao Government?
- M.K.Vellodi
- J.N.Chowdhary
- Mir Osman Ali Khan.
- Nawab Jung Bahadur
Answer: A
Explanation:
- M.K.Vellodi was the Chief Advisor to Burgula Ramakrishna Rao Government.
- Vellodi ICS (1896–1987) was the appointed Chief Minister of Hyderabad state by the government after the fall of the Hyderabad state ruled by Nizam rule.
- A member of the Indian Civil Service, he was Textile Commissioner and ex-officio Joint Secretary in the Department of Industries and Civil Supplies during the British Raj.
- He was a Senior Civil servant in the Government.
- He served as the Cabinet Secretary and Secretary of Planning Commission from 1957 to 1958
3. Which of the following is related to Ravi Narayana Reddy?
- He trained Telangana Armed fighters in guerilla warfare
- He opposed Ayyangar Committee
- Established Navya Sahithi Samstha
- All the above
Answer: D
Explanation:
- Ravi Narayana Reddy was a politician and founding member of the Communist Party of India, and a peasant leader.
- He was a leader in the Telangana Rebellion against the rule of Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII.
- He trained Telangana Armed fighters in guerilla warfare
- Reddy was also a philanthropist, social reformer, and parliamentarian. He is renowned in Telangana for fighting on behalf of peasants.
- Raavi Narayana Reddy also played a critical role in the Andhra Mahasabha as its chairman in 1941.
- He opposed Ayyangar Committee and alos established Navya Sahithi Samstha
4.Mulki agitation-1952 was first started in which of the following district of Telangana?
- Hyderabad
- Warangal
- Khammam
- Nalgonda
Answer: B
Explanation:
- The 1952 Mulki agitation which started with the teacher’s transfer in Warangal, spread to Hyderabad.
- It intensified and finally resulted in the most important event of the agitation – the City College Incident.
5.The student Activist Association formed on Mulki agitation in Warangal made a resolution on which of the following dates?
- 28 July 1952
- 22 August 1952
- 26 July 1952
- 6 August 1952
Answer: A
Explanation:
The student Activist Association formed on Mulki agitation in Warangal made a resolution on 28 July 1952
6.Who among the following was the legislator arrested under Preventive Dentention Act during Mulki agitation in Hyderabad?
- Nawab Jung Bahadur
- Phool Chand Gandhi
- Syed Akthar Hussain
- G.S.Melkote
Answer: C
Explanation:
Syed Akthar Hussain was the legislator arrested under Preventive Dentention Act during Mulki agitation in Hyderabad
7. Who among the following were the members of Ministerial sub-committee appointed on 7 September 1952 on Mulki agitation?
- K.V.Ranga reddy
- Phool chand Gandhi
- Melkote
- All the above
Answer: D
Explanation:
- After the incident, on 4 September 1952, students agitated near the Osmania General Hospital for the bodies. Padmaja Naidu, Jayasurya Naidu and Dr. Vaghdev tried to control the agitation of the students.
- However, delay in handing over the bodies resulted in massive agitations.
- While the students were protesting for the bodies, the police secretly buried the bodies near the Mir Alam Tank.
- On knowing this the CM immediately ordered excavation of these bodies and handing them over to their families.
- The entire situation resulted in many protests. Most important of which was the CM’s official car was burnt by the agitators.
- All these incidents led to police firing in which four more people were killed.
Measures taken by the government after City College Incident: –
- A Cabinet sub-committee was formally announced on 7 September 1952. Members were K.V. Ranga Reddy, Dr. Melkote,Phulchand Gandhi and Nawaz Jung Bahadur.
- Purpose of the committee: To study the Mulki rules and suggest changes and means of effective implementation of the Mulki rules in consultation with the students and other stakeholders.
- Justice Pingali Jagan Mohan Reddy committee was appointed to investigate into police firing on 3 and 4 September.
8.Justice Jagan Mohan Reddy committee on Mulki agitation appointed by the Hyderabad government submitted its report to the government on which of the following date?
- 28 December 1952
- 5 September 1952
- 7 September 1952
- 28 December 1953
Answer: A
Explanation:
- Justice Pingali Jagan Mohan Reddy committee was appointed to investigate into police firing on 3 and 4 September of city college incident.
- Justice Jagan Mohan Reddy committee on Mulki agitation appointed by the Hyderabad government submitted its report to the government on 28 December 1952.
9.Hyderabad State Congress made a resolution on Separate Telangana State on which of the following dates?
- 7 June 1954
- 7 June 1953
- 7 June 1955
- 7 June 1956
Answer: A
Explanation:
Hyderabad State Congress made a resolution on Separate Telangana State on 7 June 1954
10.Who among the following supported Vishalandhra in the Hyderabad State Congress meeting?
- Burgula
- J.V.Narsing Rao
- Swami Ramananda Tirtha
- Madapati
Answer: C
Explanation:
- Swami Ramanand Tirtha was a freedom fighter, educator and social activist who led the Hyderabad liberation struggle during the reign of Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad State.
- Swami Ramanand Tirtha was the principal leader of the Hyderabad State Congress.
- He supported Vishalandhra in the Hyderabad State Congress meeting.