Number of questions- Mains: 02, Prelims – 10
Mains Questions of the day:
1.Explain the Administrative and Economic reforms of Salarjung I.
Introduction:
Write briefly about Salarjung I and Hyderabad State during Nizam era.
Body:
Mention the Administration and Economic Reforms of Salarjung
Conclusion:
- When Hyderabad Kingdom was in a critical situation, Salarjung occupied the highest post of the Prime Minister and rendered better services for the welfare of the people.
- Salarjung had extended priceless service for the development of Hyderabad Kingdom.
- He improved the declining economic system in 1853 through his economic reforms.
- As a result of the policies adopted by him, there was a progress in education and modernization of Hyderabad took place during Nizam rule.
- The administrative mechanism was strengthened.
- Salarjung was one of the most outstanding statesmen among Indian rulers during 19th century.
Content:
Salarjung Reforms:
- Sir Mir Turab Ali Khan in 1829 known simply as Salar Jung I, was an Indian nobleman who served as Prime Minister of Hyderabad State between 1853 until his death in 1883.
- The Hyderabad princely state also called as Nizam Kingdom, which comprises of Telangana, Maratwada and Kannada areas ruled by Asafjahi’s between 1724- 1948.
- Kingdom was first established by Nizam-Ul-Mullk ruled under the name Asafjahi kingdom and therefore famously known as Asafjahi Kingdom.
- From the first ruler Nijam-Ul-Mulk to the last ruler Osman-Ali-Khan, there were 9 rulers who ruled Hyderabad for over 224 years.
Administrative Reforms:
- Divided the State of Nizam into 5 Subhas and 17 Districts.
- These districts were divided into Talukas and each Talukh had governing officers
- A Subedar to each Subha
- Avval Talkadars (Collector) to district and
- Tahasildar to Taluka.
- For an effective administration, Salarjung decentralised administration into 14 Departments like police, revenue etc
- Salarjung appointed youngsters as ministers and established a board called “Majlis-e-malguzari” to protect talukadar system of administration in 1865
- The district or estate ruled by a Taluqdar was known as talukdari.
- Large land holders were appointed as Taluqdars over a number of villages during the Mughal era.
- In 1868, he constituted “Sadar-Ul-Mahath” and appointed four ministers and allotted portfolios like Police, Law, Revenue to the first three Ministers.
- The 4th minister was given portfolio of social welfare, education, health and local bodies.
- These Ministers worked under the central Government guidelines
Economic Reforms:
- Salarjung took various reforms in minimizing the expenditure and found the resources to enrich the State treasury.
- Salarjung removed employees and cancelled their posts as they did not have any work (decreased financial deficit)
- Salarjung extended his co-operation to the British (Sepoy Mutiny,1857) and the British were satisfied with his activities and released Rayachur, Osmanabad which were occupied by the British in 1853.
- The British also cancelled Nizam’s dues of Rs. 50 Lakhs.
- With such activities and favours to the British Nizam financial position stabilized.
2. Discuss important features of the Firmana 1919 and Firmana 1933 of the last Nizam ruler.
Introduction:
Mention the condition of Hyderabad state during last Nizam ruler
Body:
Explain the Firmana 1919 and 1933 of the last Nizam ruler.
Conclusion:
- All these firmana was issued to protect the interests of Mulkis (a native or inhabitant of the former Hyderabad State).
- The Firmana’s of the last Nizam ruler has come to be known as Mulki rules
Content:
- The Telangana area formerly was a part of the State of Hyderabad.
- The Hyderabad State comprised to three linguistic areas, Telangana, Marathwada and Karnataka.
- In 1919 the last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan issued a Farman promulgating.
Firman of Osman Ali khan-1919:
A Firman was issued to protect the interests of Mulkis in 1919, during the rule of 7th Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan. They are called as Mulki rules. They were:
- Only Mulkis should be appointed in Government Jobs.
- Those who were born in the Nizam state would be recognized as Mulkis. Only they are eligible to be appointed in government Jobs.
- Those who had been living in Hyderabad state for the last 15years with the intention of residing in that state permanently would also be considered as Mulkis.
- The children of employees who served in the Hyderabad dominion for 15 years would be recognized as Mulkis.
- If the husband was a mulki, mulki rules apply to his wife also.
- If one wants to be recognized as a Mulki, he had to obtain a certificate from an officer having a rank of collector.
- All the non mulki jobs were considered as temporary Jobs by this firman.
- All the government jobs were filled through written examinations. Justice was done to the Mulkis in Promotions.
Conditions leading to Firmana of 1933:
- In 1920 “The local Osmania Graduates Association” was formed.
- Hyderabadi students in London established an Organization called “The Society of Union and Progress” in 1926.
- The main aim of this society was a responsive government.
- This society struggled for the legislative council reforms that the government referred to 1919.
- Apart from that, non-mulkis were being given jobs instead of employing the students coming out in large numbers every year from the University.
- With this, unrest in mulkis rose and strengthened the mulki agitation.
- In 1930’s Khansahebs from Punjab were directly appointed in high positions.
- The chances of promotions of the local employees were thus reduced.
1933 Firmana:
- To assuage the discontent in mulkis. Mir Osman Ali Khan released a Firmana in 1933.
- According to this Firmana educated mulkis with qualifications should be given priority in Government appointments.
- The then city Kotwal Rajabahadur Venkataramireddy helped the mulki agitators in many ways.
- Mir Osman Ali Khan was thanked profusely by people from all corners of the kingdom for this Farmana.
- There was a public meeting conducted in Hyderabad and the agitators expressed their gratitude to the Nizam.
Iyengar Committee:
- This committee was appointed by Nizam government in 1937 for constitutional reforms. It submitted its report in 1938.
- Employment related suggestions in the report were:
- Mulki rules should be made harder and implemented strictly in the appointments.
- As per the suggestions of the committee, the definition of Mulki in Article 39 was made harder in 1945.
- There should be no favouritism and recommendations in the Job recruitment process.
- Jobs should be filled taking into consideration the ability and moral conduct of the aspirants.
- A special administrative machinery should be setup for the Job recruitments.
Prelims questions of the day:
1.Who among the following founded the Hyderabad State in 1748?
- Nizam-ul-Mulk
- Mir Osman Ali Khan
- Siraj-ul-Mulk
- None of the Above
Answer: A
Explanation:
The founder of Hyderabad State was Nizam-ul-Mulk ruled Asafjahi dynasty form 1748 A.D and continued under them up to 1948 A.D.
2.Who was the prime minister during Nazir-ud-Doula (1829 – 1857) period?
- Mir Osman Ali Khan
- Siraj-ul-Mulk
- Salarjung
- Mir Turab Ali Khan
Answer: B
Explanation:
- Siraj-ul-Mulk was the prime minister to Nazir-ud-Doula ( 1829 – 1857 ) A.D.
- Siraj-ul-Mulk died in 1853 A.D and Salarjung was appointed the Prime Minister because of the intervention of the British.
3.Which of the following districts of Telangana, Salarjung had served as Talukdar?
- Khammam
- Medak
- Warangal
- Nalagonda
Answer: B
Explanation:
Sir Salarjung I served as Talukdar of Medak District before prime minister post
4.Which of the following was called the Court of Appeal during Nizam?
- Majlis- Aliya Adala
- Mahakama-e-Ajila
- Daftar-e-Najam Jamiyat
- None of the Above
Answer: B
Explanation:
- Diwan Salarjung made key changes to the Judiciary in 1872 A.D.
- The Court of Appeal was established with the name of ‘ Mahakama-e-Ajila’, consisting of residing Officer and four Members.
- This Court was described as the ‘Appellate court of judicature ‘.
5.Which of the following related to the Mulki agitation for local people during Nizam?
- Improve the education system.
- Related to agricultural reforms
- Related local jobs.
- Establishing of higher education institutions
Answer: C
Explanation:
- Mulki agitation was the first event in Telangana movement.
- Mulki Agitation was a political movement for the safeguard of jobs in Hyderabad State government.
- The movement seeked preference to the local people while allocating jobs.
6.Which of the following was the first district that had witnessed beginning of Mulki movement in 1952?
- Hyderbad
- Warangal
- Nirmal
- Adilabaad
Answer: B
Explanation:
- The 1952 Mulki agitation which started with the teacher’s transfer in Warangal, spread to Hyderabad.
- It intensified and finally resulted in the most important event of the agitation – the City College Incident.
7.Which of the following committee was constituted to investigate into the events related to the mulki movement in 1952?
- Pingali Jagan Mohan Reddy
- Wanchu committee
- Bhargava committee
- Tharkundee Committee
Answer: A
Explanation:
- Justice Jagan Mohan Reddy Committee was appointed on 5th September 1952. Justice Pingali Jagan Mohan Reddy’s committee was appointed to investigate police firing on 3 and 4 September. The Government issued a formal letter mentioning the criteria for investigation of Situations that led to the firing and if needed an investigation into the cause of the agitation by the students.
- The Committee concluded that the City College Incident could have been avoided if both the police and students exercised some restraint.
- It, however, did not hold the police guilty of the action as it felt that the situation demanded stern action by the police. A Cabinet sub-committee was formally announced on 7 September 1952. Members were K.V. Ranga Reddy, Dr. Melkote Phulchand Gandhi, and Nawaz Jung Bahadur to study the Mulki rules and suggest changes and means of effective implementation of the Mulki rules in consultation with the students and other stakeholders.
- The appointment of the above two committees marked the end of the 1952 agitation.
8.When did the Nizam of Hyderabad enter into a standstill agreement with the Indian government?
- 1933
- 1948
- 1952
- 1947
Answer: D
Explanation:
- In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with the Dominion of India.
- its main aim was to policy of the Dominion of India and the Nizam of Hyderabad work together in close association and amity for the mutual benefit of both, but a final agreemnt as to the form and nature of the relationship between them has not yet been reached. Some artciles in the agreement were:
- Sending the troops to assist the Nizam in the maintenance of internal order.
- to station troops in Hyderabad territory except in time of war and with the consent of the Nizam which will not be unreasonably withheld, any troops so stationed to be withdrawn from Hyderabad territory within 6 months of the termination of hostilities.
- The Government of India and the Nizam agree for the better execution of the purposes of this Agreement to appoint Agents in Hyderabad and Delhi respectively, and to give every facility to them for the discharge of their functions.
- This Agreement shall come into force at once and shall remain in force for a period of one year.
9.Who among the following established the Hyderabad State Congress?
- P. M. Bapat
- Chenna Reddy
- Swami Ramananda Tirth
- Venkata Reddy
Answer: C
Explanation:
- Hyderabad State Congress was established by Swami Ramananda Tirth.
- He was an Indian freedom fighter, educator and social activist who led the Hyderabad liberation struggle during the reign of Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad State.
10.Who among the following was referred to as Salar E Millat?
- Qasim Rizvi
- Abdul Wahed Owaisi
- Sultan Salahuddin Owaissi
- Mahmood Nawaz Khan Qiledar
Answer: C
Explanation:
- Abdul Wahed Owaisi organised Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (MIM) into the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen. Under his leadership, the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen shifted from a hardline policy of independence to a pragmatic direction.
- After Abdul Wahed Owaisi, his son Sultan Salahuddin Owaisi took control of All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen in 1975 and was referred to as Salar E Millat (commander of the community).