Number of questions- Mains: 02, Prelims – 10
Mains Questions of the day:
1.Discuss the features of the land revenue system during Nizam era.
Introduction:
Write briefly about Nizam rule and social conditions exists during that time.
Body:
Mention the land revenue system during Nizam era
Conclusion:
Content:
When Aurangzeb was appointed as the viceroy of the Deccan for the second time (1652), Murshid Quli Khan was send to the Deccan along with the prince as Diwan of Balaghat.
After the period of 3 years, Murshid Quli Khan became the Diwan of the entire Deccan.
The tenure of Murshid Quli Khan as the Diwan of the Mughal Deccan is considered very important as far as the land revenue reforms are concerned.
There was no revenue system at all in the Deccan before the reforms of Murshid Quli Khan came into operation.
Nizam-ul-Mulk who got the opportunity to be the Subedar of Deccan three times, has taken up the task of improving administration of the Suba.
In the field of Revenue administration, he has taken assessment and collection of land revenue very seriously as the safety and sustenance of his Suba against the Maratha aggression needed a regular flow of income
Land revenue system during Nizam rule, was divided into phases:
- First phase:
- Diwani (Khalsa) lands
- Jagirdari lands
- Sarf-e-khas lands
- Second phase: Tenancy lands
Diwani (Khalsa) lands:
- Land directly under the rule of the government and the revenue was collected by their machinery for these lands.
- Out of the cultivated land under Hyderabad region, 60% was under this system.
- In 1875 through an act called Survey Settlement policy 1317 in Fasli 1409 AD Salarjung-1 introduced the regularisation of these lands.
- Middle men exisiting around 1875 in case of these lands.
- Sarbasta – claims the right of collecting land revenue in an auction.
- Panmatta – paid constant tenancy rent
- Izara- living in uninhabited villages and paid less revenue. These people were called as Deshmukh, Sardeshmukh, Desai, Sardesai, Deshpande and Pandit regionally.
- When the Diwani (Khalsa) system was introduced all such people surreptiously got thousands of acres of land written on their names and turned into landlords
JAGIRDAR LANDS:
- Jagirs are lands given to those who served the Nizam Nawab or the government so that they maintain personal dignity.
- Rights of collecting land revenue on these lands vests with the Jagirdars.
- There were mainly six kinds of Jagirs in Hyderabad state.
- Paigah Jagir:
Mainly these Jagirs were being given to Muslim lords and blood relatives of the Nizam
These people used to maintain army to assist the Nizam during strife.
- Tankha Jagirs:
Jagir given in lieu of salary and allowances.
It was given to the persons who assisted the state during financial deficit
- Zaat Jagir:
Jagir to enjoy unconditionally by those who served extensive areas.
- Altangha Jagir:
Jagir with rights of enjoying hereditarily without any taxes. It was a permanent jagir.
- Maradmash Jagir:
Jagir given to append the salary to sustain livelihood.
- Masroodi:
land given on condition that services in religious matters, army/ public relations are rendered.
- By 1948 30% of the lands were under such jagir system.
- After Hyderabad state ceded into the Indian Union rules were brought in to do away with middlemen Hyderabad Jagir Regulation act was promulgated on August 15, 1949.
- By paying a compensation of 18 crores through this regulation Jagirs were denotified.
- With this, after 1949 all the Jagir lands also were turned into Diwani (Khalsa) lands.
Sarf-e-Khas lands:
- Land identified as allotted for Nizam’s personal expenditures.
- Farmers of these lands would pay revenues directly to the Nizam.
- Under this system land to the extent of 5.682 Sq. Miles spread over 1374 villages was there.
TENANCY LANDS:
- There were three methods of Tenancy (Kaul) in Nizam rule.
- land in which cash payments of kaul is done.
- Betal: Part of yield is given as tax.
- Galla Matta: A fixed rent is paid Gallamatta.
- The amount of kaul under all these three systems was amounting to 2/3rds or more of the yield.
- Farmers were struggling to pay such kaul.
- Before 1944 there were two kinds of Tenants in Hyderabad state.
- Shakmidars
- Asaami Shakmidars
Shakmidars:
- These are permanent tenants or protected kauldars.
- Under this system the landlord could not change the kaul at his will.
- There were very few kauldars under this type in Hyderabad state.
Asaami Shakmidars:
- These are temporary tenants without any rights.
- If these kauldars prove that they indulged in kaul farming in a land for 12 years without break, they would be identified as Shakmidar (Permannet kauldar).
- In 1939, M.S.Bharucha committee was formed to look into the conditions of kauldars.
- As a result of the recommendations of this committee, Asaami Shakmi act was brought into force in 1944.
- Under this rule it was not possible to remove a Asaami Shakmidar, if he did kaul farming for 6 years.
- But due to the impact of powerful landlords, this rule never came into force effectively.
- After Hyderabad state was merged with the Indian union, a Tenancy Reforms Committee was appointed in 1949.
2.Describe briefly about the following Scheduled tribes of Telangana.
- Gonds
- Koya
Introduction:
Write about scheduled Tribes of India and Telangana.
Body:
Write briefly about Gonds and koya tribes of Telangana.
Conclusion:
- The main problems of the tribal are poverty, indebtedness, illiteracy, bondage, exploitation, disease and unemployment.
- There are so many schemes for tribal people of central and state Government in order to eradicate the exploitation and develop the remote areas.
- To improve the life there by providing adequate health and educational services.
- To provide physical and financial security against any kind of oppression and exploitation.
Content:
- The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India.
- The terms are recognized in the Constitution, Article 366 (25) defined scheduled tribes as “such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution”
- Tribals in India consists of various groups distributed unevenly across the country and some among them are referred to as Scheduled Tribes. This is because the name of those tribes are contained in the Schedule 5th and 6th of the constitution and provisions are applicable to those particular groups only.
- The criteria presently followed for specification of a community as a Scheduled Tribe are:
- indications of primitive traits
- distinctive culture
- geographical isolation
- shyness of contact with the community at large, and
- backwardness.
- However, there is no criteria in the Constitution.
- Telangana has a tribal population of around 32 lakhs, which is 9.08% of the state’s population with a total of 32 tribal communities.
- Lambada are the largest Tribal Community of Telangana with a population around 20lakhs spread across the State.
- They speak Banjara language.
A. Gond of Telangana:
- Gonds call themselves in their Gondi language as Koitur or Koi.
- There is a minority group of Gonds called Dhur or Dharve. These are socially a lesser class.
- They don’t have marital relations with Rajgonds. Gonds live mainly in Telangana, Maharastra and Chattisgarh States.
- In Telangana, they live mainly in Adilabad district.
- Their dynasties ruled from chanda in Maharastra to Adiladabad in Telangana.
- They are also called as Rajagonds.
- There are three subtribes in Gonds. They are (a) mariyas b) Konda Mariyas c) Bishomar Mariyas
- Instead of shifting agriculture, they are engaged in permanent cultivation. Some of them work in the forest also.
- Gonds worship serpent goddess and Persapen.
- They wear bull horns.
- Perdhans are cosidered as the heriditary artists of Gonds.
B. Koya:
- Koyas are the native tribe spread widely in South India.
- Presently, Koyas are found in Mulugu (Yeturi Nagaram) Adilabad and Khammam districts.
- Koyas are mainly known as ruler clan or Dorala sattam.
- Koyas and Konda reddis live together.
- Another group called Patadi Kulam are Traditional artists and they mainly take the role of singing the praise of Gods and Goddesses of Koya tribe.
- They worship Surya (sun) and Chandra (moon) also.
- Every Koya household would have a statue of Kudu Devara.
- Sammakka and Saralamma jatara, a bi-annual event in Mulugu District is the main festival for Koyas. It is celebrated in Maghamasa.
- This Jatara is considered to be the biggest tribal festival in Asia.
- Another main festival is of Muthyalamma, an annual event.
Prelims questions of the day:
1.In which of the following year Osmania university was established?
- 1920
- 1919
- 1918
- 1917
Answer: C
Explanation:
- Osmania University is named after its founder, Nawab Osman Ali Khan, the seventh Nizam of Hyderabad who rather through a farman or Royal Charter, brought the University into existence in 1918.
- It is the seventh oldest in the Country and third oldest in South India.
2.Who among the following governors had started Ryotwari system?
- Munro
- Holt Mackenzie
- Cornwalis
- Lord Curzon
Answer: A
Explanation:
Munro
- The system was started by Thomas Munro and introduced when he was governor (1820–27) of Madras (now Chennai).
- The principle was the direct collection of the land revenue from each individual cultivator by government agents.
3.Who among the following is the first recognized Primitive Tribal Group in Telangana?
- Bhil
- Gond
- Koya
- Chenchu
Answer: D
Explanation:
Chenchu
- Chenchu is the first recognized Primitive Tribal Group in Telangana.
- In the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana) is 64,227 as per 2011 Census.
4.Which of the following is the largest tribal group of Telangana?
- Lambadi
- Gond
- Bhil
- Santhals
Answer: A
Explanation:
Lambada are the largest Tribal Community of Telangana with a population of 20.44 lakhs spread across the State.
5.Telanagana Governments wants to declare, which of the following dance as state dance of Telangana?
- kuchipudi
- Perini
- Kathakali
- Lambada dance
Answer: B
Explanation:
- The onus now is on the Telangana government to declare ‘Perini’ as the official state dance.
- Andhra has Kuchipudi, Tamil Nadu has Bharatanatyam, Kerala has Kathakali and Mohiniyattam, and states in North and North East too have their own styles, though they are all called Indian dances.
6.Which of the following dance is called Dance of warriors?
- Perini Sivathandavam
- Koya dance
- Kurru dance
- Dhimsa dance
Answer: A
Explanation:
- Perini Sivathandavam or Perini Thandavam is an ancient dance form, from Telangana, which has been revived in recent times.
- It originated and prospered in Telangana, during the Kakatiya dynasty.
- The Perini siva Thandavam is a dance form usually performed by males.
- It is called ‘Dance of Warriors’.
- Warriors before leaving to the battlefield enact this dance before the idol of Lord Siva.
7.which of the following painting is a stylized version of Nakashi art?
- Kondapalli painting
- Nirmal painting
- Cheriyal Scroll Painting
- Ponchampally
Answer: C
Explanation:
- Cheriyal Scroll Painting is a stylized version of Nakashi art, rich in the local motifs peculiar to the Telangana.
- They are at present made only in Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
- Cheriyal Scroll Painting is a popular and modified version of Nakashi art, considered highly rich in the local motifs.
- This art form is unique to the state of Telangana and made mostly in Hyderabad currently.
- These scrolls are painted in narrative format similar to a film roll or even comic strips, and depict stories from the Indian mythology as well as the shorter stories related to the Puranas and Epics.
- Scroll paintings are known for their rich history and they also assume a significant role among Asia’s artistic traditions.
- The Cheriyal paintings represent a distinct local invention, based mainly on local traditions.
- The Nakashis are the artists of Telangana and the scrolls constitute a key element of the social and cultural setting of Telangana. These paintings were mostly confined to Cheriyal village, and hence called Cheriyal scrolls. The scrolls earlier depicted the adventures and the exploits of local folk heroes wherein each community had its popular heroes.
8.In Varna system, the word “komatlu” related to which of the following category of people?
- Brahmins
- Kshyathriyas
- Vaishyas
- Shudras
Answer: C
Explanation:
- In varna system, Vaishya emerged as prominent merchants in South Indian trade, and sought to be considered as the third highest varna in the Hindu caste system.
- They were called as komatlu
- Some of them had main occupation was money lending.
9.” Naqash community” of Telangana are related to which of the following paintings?
- Cheriyal paintings
- Nirmal paintings
- Kurra paintings
- Banjara paintings
Answer: B
Explanation:
- Nirmal town in Telangana has always been considered as the gifted land related to art and crafts.
- The art community of craftsmen in this town are called as ‘Naqash’ and they have made this region, quite famous for the Nirmal paintings.
10.The word “Sugalis” is related to which of the following tribes of Telangana?
- Naikpods
- Kolam
- Thoti
- Lambada
Answer: D
Explanation:
- The Lambadas are a scheduled tribe inhabiting throughout the state of Telangana and of Andhra Pradesh.
- They are also known as Sugalis and Banjaras.
- They population according to 2011 Census is 24,07,637.
- The Lambadas are the largest tribe in Telangana.